non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO
channel 有一点类似于 stream,它就是读写数据的双向通道,可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer,也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel,而之前的 stream 要么是输入,要么是输出,channel 比 stream 更为底层
graph LR
channel --> buffer
buffer --> channel
常见的 Channel 有
buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据,常见的 buffer 有
selector 单从字面意思不好理解,需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途
graph TD
subgraph 多线程版
t1(thread) --> s1(socket1)
t2(thread) --> s2(socket2)
t3(thread) --> s3(socket3)
end
graph TD
subgraph 线程池版
t4(thread) --> s4(socket1)
t5(thread) --> s5(socket2)
t4(thread) -.-> s6(socket3)
t5(thread) -.-> s7(socket4)
end
selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel,获取这些 channel 上发生的事件,这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下,不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多,但流量低的场景(low traffic)
graph TD
subgraph selector 版
thread --> selector
selector --> c1(channel)
selector --> c2(channel)
selector --> c3(channel)
end
调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件,这些事件发生,select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理
有一普通文本文件 data.txt,内容为
1234567890abcd
使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容
@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo1 {public static void main(String[] args) {try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) {FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);do {// 向 buffer 写入int len = channel.read(buffer);log.debug("读到字节数:{}", len);if (len == -1) {break;}// 切换 buffer 读模式buffer.flip();while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get());}// 切换 buffer 写模式buffer.clear();} while (true);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
输出
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:10
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:-1
ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性
一开始
写模式下,position 是写入位置,limit 等于容量,下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态
[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-KyiGdLwz-1678700332842)(null)]
flip 动作发生后,position 切换为读取位置,limit 切换为读取限制
[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-utamYkXu-1678700333033)(null)]
读取 4 个字节后,状态
[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-6ZR8KHoT-1678700332649)(null)]
clear 动作发生后,状态
compact 方法,是把未读完的部分向前压缩,然后切换至写模式
[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-c4OnZTcx-1678700333227)(null)]
public class ByteBufferUtil {private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256];private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4];private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16];private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4];private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256];private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16];static {final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F];HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F];}int i;// Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddingsfor (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) {int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i;StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3);for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {buf.append(" ");}HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString();}// Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB).for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) {StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12);buf.append(NEWLINE);buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|');buf.append('|');HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString();}// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversionfor (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) {BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i);}// Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddingsfor (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) {int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i;StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding);for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {buf.append(' ');}BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString();}// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversionfor (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) {if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) {BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.';} else {BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i;}}}/*** 打印所有内容* @param buffer*/public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) {int oldlimit = buffer.limit();buffer.limit(buffer.capacity());StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256);appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity());System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+");System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit);System.out.println(origin);buffer.limit(oldlimit);}/*** 打印可读取内容* @param buffer*/public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) {StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256);appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position());System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+");System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit());System.out.println(builder);}private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) {if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) {throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length+ ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')');}if (length == 0) {return;}dump.append(" +-------------------------------------------------+" +NEWLINE + " | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |" +NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");final int startIndex = offset;final int fullRows = length >>> 4;final int remainder = length & 0xF;// Dump the rows which have 16 bytes.for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) {int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex;// Per-row prefix.appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex);// Hex dumpint rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16;for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append(" |");// ASCII dumpfor (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append('|');}// Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes.if (remainder != 0) {int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex;appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex);// Hex dumpint rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder;for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]);dump.append(" |");// Ascii dumpfor (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]);dump.append('|');}dump.append(NEWLINE +"+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");}private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) {if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) {dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]);} else {dump.append(NEWLINE);dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|');dump.append('|');}}public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) {return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF);}
}
可以使用 allocate 方法为 ByteBuffer 分配空间,其它 buffer 类也有该方法
Bytebuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
有两种办法
int readBytes = channel.read(buf);
和
buf.put((byte)127);
同样有两种办法
int writeBytes = channel.write(buf);
和
byte b = buf.get();
get 方法会让 position 读指针向后走,如果想重复读取数据
mark 是在读取时,做一个标记,即使 position 改变,只要调用 reset 就能回到 mark 的位置
注意
rewind 和 flip 都会清除 mark 位置
ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
ByteBuffer buffer2 = Charset.forName("utf-8").encode("你好");debug(buffer1);
debug(buffer2);CharBuffer buffer3 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1);
System.out.println(buffer3.getClass());
System.out.println(buffer3.toString());
输出
+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
class java.nio.HeapCharBuffer
你好
Buffer 是非线程安全的
分散读取,有一个文本文件 3parts.txt
onetwothree
使用如下方式读取,可以将数据填充至多个 buffer
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();ByteBuffer a = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);ByteBuffer c = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);channel.read(new ByteBuffer[]{a, b, c});a.flip();b.flip();c.flip();debug(a);debug(b);debug(c);
} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}
结果
+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6f 6e 65 |one |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 77 6f |two |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 68 72 65 65 |three |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
使用如下方式写入,可以将多个 buffer 的数据填充至 channel
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();ByteBuffer d = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);ByteBuffer e = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);channel.position(11);d.put(new byte[]{'f', 'o', 'u', 'r'});e.put(new byte[]{'f', 'i', 'v', 'e'});d.flip();e.flip();debug(d);debug(e);channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{d, e});
} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}
输出
+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 6f 75 72 |four |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 69 76 65 |five |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
文件内容
onetwothreefourfive
网络上有多条数据发送给服务端,数据之间使用 \n 进行分隔
但由于某种原因这些数据在接收时,被进行了重新组合,例如原始数据有3条为
变成了下面的两个 byteBuffer (黏包,半包)
现在要求你编写程序,将错乱的数据恢复成原始的按 \n 分隔的数据
public static void main(String[] args) {ByteBuffer source = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);// 11 24source.put("Hello,world\nI'm zhangsan\nHo".getBytes());split(source);source.put("w are you?\nhaha!\n".getBytes());split(source);
}private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {source.flip();int oldLimit = source.limit();for (int i = 0; i < oldLimit; i++) {if (source.get(i) == '\n') {System.out.println(i);ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(i + 1 - source.position());// 0 ~ limitsource.limit(i + 1);target.put(source); // 从source 读,向 target 写debugAll(target);source.limit(oldLimit);}}source.compact();
}
FileChannel 只能工作在阻塞模式下
不能直接打开 FileChannel,必须通过 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 来获取 FileChannel,它们都有 getChannel 方法
会从 channel 读取数据填充 ByteBuffer,返回值表示读到了多少字节,-1 表示到达了文件的末尾
int readBytes = channel.read(buffer);
写入的正确姿势如下, SocketChannel
ByteBuffer buffer = ...;
buffer.put(...); // 存入数据
buffer.flip(); // 切换读模式while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {channel.write(buffer);
}
在 while 中调用 channel.write 是因为 write 方法并不能保证一次将 buffer 中的内容全部写入 channel
channel 必须关闭,不过调用了 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 的 close 方法会间接地调用 channel 的 close 方法
获取当前位置
long pos = channel.position();
设置当前位置
long newPos = ...;
channel.position(newPos);
设置当前位置时,如果设置为文件的末尾
使用 size 方法获取文件的大小
操作系统出于性能的考虑,会将数据缓存,不是立刻写入磁盘。可以调用 force(true) 方法将文件内容和元数据(文件的权限等信息)立刻写入磁盘
String FROM = "helloword/data.txt";
String TO = "helloword/to.txt";
long start = System.nanoTime();
try (FileChannel from = new FileInputStream(FROM).getChannel();FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream(TO).getChannel();) {from.transferTo(0, from.size(), to);
} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}
long end = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println("transferTo 用时:" + (end - start) / 1000_000.0);
输出
transferTo 用时:8.2011
超过 2g 大小的文件传输
public class TestFileChannelTransferTo {public static void main(String[] args) {try (FileChannel from = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel();FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream("to.txt").getChannel();) {// 效率高,底层会利用操作系统的零拷贝进行优化long size = from.size();// left 变量代表还剩余多少字节for (long left = size; left > 0; ) {System.out.println("position:" + (size - left) + " left:" + left);left -= from.transferTo((size - left), left, to);}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
实际传输一个超大文件
position:0 left:7769948160
position:2147483647 left:5622464513
position:4294967294 left:3474980866
position:6442450941 left:1327497219
jdk7 引入了 Path 和 Paths 类
Path source = Paths.get("1.txt"); // 相对路径 使用 user.dir 环境变量来定位 1.txtPath source = Paths.get("d:\1.txt"); // 绝对路径 代表了 d:\1.txtPath source = Paths.get("d:/1.txt"); // 绝对路径 同样代表了 d:\1.txtPath projects = Paths.get("d:\data", "projects"); // 代表了 d:\data\projects
.
代表了当前路径..
代表了上一级路径例如目录结构如下
d:|- data|- projects|- a|- b
代码
Path path = Paths.get("d:\data\projects\a\..\b");
System.out.println(path);
System.out.println(path.normalize()); // 正常化路径
会输出
d:\data\projects\a..\b
d:\data\projects\b
检查文件是否存在
Path path = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
System.out.println(Files.exists(path));
创建一级目录
Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1");
Files.createDirectory(path);
创建多级目录用
Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1/d2");
Files.createDirectories(path);
拷贝文件
Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");Files.copy(source, target);
如果希望用 source 覆盖掉 target,需要用 StandardCopyOption 来控制
Files.copy(source, target, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
移动文件
Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");Files.move(source, target, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
删除文件
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");Files.delete(target);
删除目录
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/d1");Files.delete(target);
遍历目录文件
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {Path path = Paths.get("C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_91");AtomicInteger dirCount = new AtomicInteger();AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor(){@Overridepublic FileVisitResult preVisitDirectory(Path dir, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {System.out.println(dir);dirCount.incrementAndGet();return super.preVisitDirectory(dir, attrs);}@Overridepublic FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {System.out.println(file);fileCount.incrementAndGet();return super.visitFile(file, attrs);}});System.out.println(dirCount); // 133System.out.println(fileCount); // 1479
}
统计 jar 的数目
Path path = Paths.get("C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_91");
AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor(){@Overridepublic FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {if (file.toFile().getName().endsWith(".jar")) {fileCount.incrementAndGet();}return super.visitFile(file, attrs);}
});
System.out.println(fileCount); // 724
删除多级目录
Path path = Paths.get("d:\a");
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor(){@Overridepublic FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {Files.delete(file);return super.visitFile(file, attrs);}@Overridepublic FileVisitResult postVisitDirectory(Path dir, IOException exc) throws IOException {Files.delete(dir);return super.postVisitDirectory(dir, exc);}
});
删除是危险操作,确保要递归删除的文件夹没有重要内容
拷贝多级目录
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
String source = "D:\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64";
String target = "D:\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64aaa";Files.walk(Paths.get(source)).forEach(path -> {try {String targetName = path.toString().replace(source, target);// 是目录if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {Files.createDirectory(Paths.get(targetName));}// 是普通文件else if (Files.isRegularFile(path)) {Files.copy(path, Paths.get(targetName));}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}
});
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(end - start);
服务器端
// 使用 nio 来理解阻塞模式, 单线程
// 0. ByteBuffer
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
// 1. 创建了服务器
ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();// 2. 绑定监听端口
ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));// 3. 连接集合
List channels = new ArrayList<>();
while (true) {// 4. accept 建立与客户端连接, SocketChannel 用来与客户端之间通信log.debug("connecting...");SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept(); // 阻塞方法,线程停止运行log.debug("connected... {}", sc);channels.add(sc);for (SocketChannel channel : channels) {// 5. 接收客户端发送的数据log.debug("before read... {}", channel);channel.read(buffer); // 阻塞方法,线程停止运行buffer.flip();debugRead(buffer);buffer.clear();log.debug("after read...{}", channel);}
}
客户端
SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
System.out.println("waiting...");
服务器端,客户端代码不变
// 使用 nio 来理解非阻塞模式, 单线程
// 0. ByteBuffer
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
// 1. 创建了服务器
ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
ssc.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞模式
// 2. 绑定监听端口
ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
// 3. 连接集合
List channels = new ArrayList<>();
while (true) {// 4. accept 建立与客户端连接, SocketChannel 用来与客户端之间通信SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept(); // 非阻塞,线程还会继续运行,如果没有连接建立,但sc是nullif (sc != null) {log.debug("connected... {}", sc);sc.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞模式channels.add(sc);}for (SocketChannel channel : channels) {// 5. 接收客户端发送的数据int read = channel.read(buffer);// 非阻塞,线程仍然会继续运行,如果没有读到数据,read 返回 0if (read > 0) {buffer.flip();debugRead(buffer);buffer.clear();log.debug("after read...{}", channel);}}
}
单线程可以配合 Selector 完成对多个 Channel 可读写事件的监控,这称之为多路复用
graph TD
subgraph selector 版
thread --> selector
selector --> c1(channel)
selector --> c2(channel)
selector --> c3(channel)
end
好处
Selector selector = Selector.open();
也称之为注册事件,绑定的事件 selector 才会关心
channel.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, 绑定事件);
可以通过下面三种方法来监听是否有事件发生,方法的返回值代表有多少 channel 发生了事件
方法1,阻塞直到绑定事件发生
int count = selector.select();
方法2,阻塞直到绑定事件发生,或是超时(时间单位为 ms)
int count = selector.select(long timeout);
方法3,不会阻塞,也就是不管有没有事件,立刻返回,自己根据返回值检查是否有事件
int count = selector.selectNow();
客户端代码为
public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {try (Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 8080)) {System.out.println(socket);socket.getOutputStream().write("world".getBytes());System.in.read();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
服务器端代码为
@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo6 {public static void main(String[] args) {try (ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open()) {channel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));System.out.println(channel);Selector selector = Selector.open();channel.configureBlocking(false);channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);while (true) {int count = selector.select();
// int count = selector.selectNow();log.debug("select count: {}", count);
// if(count <= 0) {
// continue;
// }// 获取所有事件Set keys = selector.selectedKeys();// 遍历所有事件,逐一处理Iterator iter = keys.iterator();while (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();// 判断事件类型if (key.isAcceptable()) {ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();// 必须处理SocketChannel sc = c.accept();log.debug("{}", sc);}// 处理完毕,必须将事件移除iter.remove();}}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
事件发生后,要么处理,要么取消(cancel),不能什么都不做,否则下次该事件仍会触发,这是因为 nio 底层使用的是水平触发
@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo6 {public static void main(String[] args) {try (ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open()) {channel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));System.out.println(channel);Selector selector = Selector.open();channel.configureBlocking(false);channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);while (true) {int count = selector.select();
// int count = selector.selectNow();log.debug("select count: {}", count);
// if(count <= 0) {
// continue;
// }// 获取所有事件Set keys = selector.selectedKeys();// 遍历所有事件,逐一处理Iterator iter = keys.iterator();while (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();// 判断事件类型if (key.isAcceptable()) {ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();// 必须处理SocketChannel sc = c.accept();sc.configureBlocking(false);sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);log.debug("连接已建立: {}", sc);} else if (key.isReadable()) {SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);int read = sc.read(buffer);if(read == -1) {key.cancel();sc.close();} else {buffer.flip();debug(buffer);}}// 处理完毕,必须将事件移除iter.remove();}}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
开启两个客户端,修改一下发送文字,输出
sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketChannelImpl[/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080]
21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - 连接已建立: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:8080 remote=/127.0.0.1:60367]
21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 65 6c 6c 6f |hello |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - 连接已建立: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:8080 remote=/127.0.0.1:60378]
21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 77 6f 72 6c 64 |world |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
因为 select 在事件发生后,就会将相关的 key 放入 selectedKeys 集合,但不会在处理完后从 selectedKeys 集合中移除,需要我们自己编码删除。例如
cancel 会取消注册在 selector 上的 channel,并从 keys 集合中删除 key 后续不会再监听事件
以前有同学写过这样的代码,思考注释中两个问题,以 bio 为例,其实 nio 道理是一样的
public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(9000);while (true) {Socket s = ss.accept();InputStream in = s.getInputStream();// 这里这么写,有没有问题byte[] arr = new byte[4];while(true) {int read = in.read(arr);// 这里这么写,有没有问题if(read == -1) {break;}System.out.println(new String(arr, 0, read));}}}
}
客户端
public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {Socket max = new Socket("localhost", 9000);OutputStream out = max.getOutputStream();out.write("hello".getBytes());out.write("world".getBytes());out.write("你好".getBytes());max.close();}
}
输出
hell
owor
ld�
�好
为什么?
sequenceDiagram
participant c1 as 客户端1
participant s as 服务器
participant b1 as ByteBuffer1
participant b2 as ByteBuffer2
c1 ->> s: 发送 01234567890abcdef3333\r
s ->> b1: 第一次 read 存入 01234567890abcdef
s ->> b2: 扩容
b1 ->> b2: 拷贝 01234567890abcdef
s ->> b2: 第二次 read 存入 3333\r
b2 ->> b2: 01234567890abcdef3333\r
服务器端
private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {source.flip();for (int i = 0; i < source.limit(); i++) {// 找到一条完整消息if (source.get(i) == '\n') {int length = i + 1 - source.position();// 把这条完整消息存入新的 ByteBufferByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(length);// 从 source 读,向 target 写for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {target.put(source.get());}debugAll(target);}}source.compact(); // 0123456789abcdef position 16 limit 16
}public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {// 1. 创建 selector, 管理多个 channelSelector selector = Selector.open();ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();ssc.configureBlocking(false);// 2. 建立 selector 和 channel 的联系(注册)// SelectionKey 就是将来事件发生后,通过它可以知道事件和哪个channel的事件SelectionKey sscKey = ssc.register(selector, 0, null);// key 只关注 accept 事件sscKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);log.debug("sscKey:{}", sscKey);ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));while (true) {// 3. select 方法, 没有事件发生,线程阻塞,有事件,线程才会恢复运行// select 在事件未处理时,它不会阻塞, 事件发生后要么处理,要么取消,不能置之不理selector.select();// 4. 处理事件, selectedKeys 内部包含了所有发生的事件Iterator iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator(); // accept, readwhile (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();// 处理key 时,要从 selectedKeys 集合中删除,否则下次处理就会有问题iter.remove();log.debug("key: {}", key);// 5. 区分事件类型if (key.isAcceptable()) { // 如果是 acceptServerSocketChannel channel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();SocketChannel sc = channel.accept();sc.configureBlocking(false);ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16); // attachment// 将一个 byteBuffer 作为附件关联到 selectionKey 上SelectionKey scKey = sc.register(selector, 0, buffer);scKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);log.debug("{}", sc);log.debug("scKey:{}", scKey);} else if (key.isReadable()) { // 如果是 readtry {SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel(); // 拿到触发事件的channel// 获取 selectionKey 上关联的附件ByteBuffer buffer = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();int read = channel.read(buffer); // 如果是正常断开,read 的方法的返回值是 -1if(read == -1) {key.cancel();} else {split(buffer);// 需要扩容if (buffer.position() == buffer.limit()) {ByteBuffer newBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(buffer.capacity() * 2);buffer.flip();newBuffer.put(buffer); // 0123456789abcdef3333\nkey.attach(newBuffer);}}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();key.cancel(); // 因为客户端断开了,因此需要将 key 取消(从 selector 的 keys 集合中真正删除 key)}}}}
}
客户端
SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
SocketAddress address = sc.getLocalAddress();
// sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("hello\nworld\n"));
sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("0123\n456789abcdef"));
sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("0123456789abcdef3333\n"));
System.in.read();
public class WriteServer {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();ssc.configureBlocking(false);ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));Selector selector = Selector.open();ssc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);while(true) {selector.select();Iterator iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();while (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();iter.remove();if (key.isAcceptable()) {SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept();sc.configureBlocking(false);SelectionKey sckey = sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);// 1. 向客户端发送内容StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();for (int i = 0; i < 3000000; i++) {sb.append("a");}ByteBuffer buffer = Charset.defaultCharset().encode(sb.toString());int write = sc.write(buffer);// 3. write 表示实际写了多少字节System.out.println("实际写入字节:" + write);// 4. 如果有剩余未读字节,才需要关注写事件if (buffer.hasRemaining()) {// read 1 write 4// 在原有关注事件的基础上,多关注 写事件sckey.interestOps(sckey.interestOps() + SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);// 把 buffer 作为附件加入 sckeysckey.attach(buffer);}} else if (key.isWritable()) {ByteBuffer buffer = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();int write = sc.write(buffer);System.out.println("实际写入字节:" + write);if (!buffer.hasRemaining()) { // 写完了key.interestOps(key.interestOps() - SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);key.attach(null);}}}}}
}
客户端
public class WriteClient {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {Selector selector = Selector.open();SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();sc.configureBlocking(false);sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT | SelectionKey.OP_READ);sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));int count = 0;while (true) {selector.select();Iterator iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();while (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();iter.remove();if (key.isConnectable()) {System.out.println(sc.finishConnect());} else if (key.isReadable()) {ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024 * 1024);count += sc.read(buffer);buffer.clear();System.out.println(count);}}}}
}
只要向 channel 发送数据时,socket 缓冲可写,这个事件会频繁触发,因此应当只在 socket 缓冲区写不下时再关注可写事件,数据写完之后再取消关注
现在都是多核 cpu,设计时要充分考虑别让 cpu 的力量被白白浪费
前面的代码只有一个选择器,没有充分利用多核 cpu,如何改进呢?
分两组选择器
public class ChannelDemo7 {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {new BossEventLoop().register();}@Slf4jstatic class BossEventLoop implements Runnable {private Selector boss;private WorkerEventLoop[] workers;private volatile boolean start = false;AtomicInteger index = new AtomicInteger();public void register() throws IOException {if (!start) {ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));ssc.configureBlocking(false);boss = Selector.open();SelectionKey ssckey = ssc.register(boss, 0, null);ssckey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);workers = initEventLoops();new Thread(this, "boss").start();log.debug("boss start...");start = true;}}public WorkerEventLoop[] initEventLoops() {
// EventLoop[] eventLoops = new EventLoop[Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()];WorkerEventLoop[] workerEventLoops = new WorkerEventLoop[2];for (int i = 0; i < workerEventLoops.length; i++) {workerEventLoops[i] = new WorkerEventLoop(i);}return workerEventLoops;}@Overridepublic void run() {while (true) {try {boss.select();Iterator iter = boss.selectedKeys().iterator();while (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();iter.remove();if (key.isAcceptable()) {ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();SocketChannel sc = c.accept();sc.configureBlocking(false);log.debug("{} connected", sc.getRemoteAddress());workers[index.getAndIncrement() % workers.length].register(sc);}}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}@Slf4jstatic class WorkerEventLoop implements Runnable {private Selector worker;private volatile boolean start = false;private int index;private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue tasks = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();public WorkerEventLoop(int index) {this.index = index;}public void register(SocketChannel sc) throws IOException {if (!start) {worker = Selector.open();new Thread(this, "worker-" + index).start();start = true;}tasks.add(() -> {try {SelectionKey sckey = sc.register(worker, 0, null);sckey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);worker.selectNow();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}});worker.wakeup();}@Overridepublic void run() {while (true) {try {worker.select();Runnable task = tasks.poll();if (task != null) {task.run();}Set keys = worker.selectedKeys();Iterator iter = keys.iterator();while (iter.hasNext()) {SelectionKey key = iter.next();if (key.isReadable()) {SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);try {int read = sc.read(buffer);if (read == -1) {key.cancel();sc.close();} else {buffer.flip();log.debug("{} message:", sc.getRemoteAddress());debugAll(buffer);}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();key.cancel();sc.close();}}iter.remove();}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}
}
首先启动服务器端
public class UdpServer {public static void main(String[] args) {try (DatagramChannel channel = DatagramChannel.open()) {channel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(9999));System.out.println("waiting...");ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);channel.receive(buffer);buffer.flip();debug(buffer);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
输出
waiting...
运行客户端
public class UdpClient {public static void main(String[] args) {try (DatagramChannel channel = DatagramChannel.open()) {ByteBuffer buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("hello");InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 9999);channel.send(buffer, address);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
接下来服务器端输出
+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 68 65 6c 6c 6f |hello |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
同步阻塞、同步非阻塞、同步多路复用、异步阻塞(没有此情况)、异步非阻塞
当调用一次 channel.read 或 stream.read 后,会切换至操作系统内核态来完成真正数据读取,而读取又分为两个阶段,分别为:
UNIX 网络编程 - 卷 I
传统的 IO 将一个文件通过 socket 写出
File f = new File("helloword/data.txt");
RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r");byte[] buf = new byte[(int)f.length()];
file.read(buf);Socket socket = ...;
socket.getOutputStream().write(buf);
内部工作流程是这样的:
DMA 也可以理解为硬件单元,用来解放 cpu 完成文件 IO
可以看到中间环节较多,java 的 IO 实际不是物理设备级别的读写,而是缓存的复制,底层的真正读写是操作系统来完成的
通过 DirectByteBuf
大部分步骤与优化前相同,不再赘述。唯有一点:java 可以使用 DirectByteBuf 将堆外内存映射到 jvm 内存中来直接访问使用
进一步优化(底层采用了 linux 2.1 后提供的 sendFile 方法),java 中对应着两个 channel 调用 transferTo/transferFrom 方法拷贝数据
可以看到
进一步优化(linux 2.4)
整个过程仅只发生了一次用户态与内核态的切换,数据拷贝了 2 次。所谓的【零拷贝】,并不是真正无拷贝,而是在不会拷贝重复数据到 jvm 内存中,零拷贝的优点有
AIO 用来解决数据复制阶段的阻塞问题
异步模型需要底层操作系统(Kernel)提供支持
先来看看 AsynchronousFileChannel
@Slf4j
public class AioDemo1 {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {try{AsynchronousFileChannel s = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(Paths.get("1.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ);ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(2);log.debug("begin...");s.read(buffer, 0, null, new CompletionHandler() {@Overridepublic void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {log.debug("read completed...{}", result);buffer.flip();debug(buffer);}@Overridepublic void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {log.debug("read failed...");}});} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}log.debug("do other things...");System.in.read();}
}
输出
13:44:56 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - begin...
13:44:56 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - do other things...
13:44:56 [DEBUG] [Thread-5] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - read completed...2+-------------------------------------------------+| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 61 0d |a. |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
可以看到
默认文件 AIO 使用的线程都是守护线程,所以最后要执行 System.in.read()
以避免守护线程意外结束
public class AioServer {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc = AsynchronousServerSocketChannel.open();ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));ssc.accept(null, new AcceptHandler(ssc));System.in.read();}private static void closeChannel(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {try {System.out.printf("[%s] %s close\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());sc.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}private static class ReadHandler implements CompletionHandler {private final AsynchronousSocketChannel sc;public ReadHandler(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {this.sc = sc;}@Overridepublic void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {try {if (result == -1) {closeChannel(sc);return;}System.out.printf("[%s] %s read\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());attachment.flip();System.out.println(Charset.defaultCharset().decode(attachment));attachment.clear();// 处理完第一个 read 时,需要再次调用 read 方法来处理下一个 read 事件sc.read(attachment, attachment, this);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}@Overridepublic void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {closeChannel(sc);exc.printStackTrace();}}private static class WriteHandler implements CompletionHandler {private final AsynchronousSocketChannel sc;private WriteHandler(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {this.sc = sc;}@Overridepublic void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {// 如果作为附件的 buffer 还有内容,需要再次 write 写出剩余内容if (attachment.hasRemaining()) {sc.write(attachment);}}@Overridepublic void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {exc.printStackTrace();closeChannel(sc);}}private static class AcceptHandler implements CompletionHandler {private final AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc;public AcceptHandler(AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc) {this.ssc = ssc;}@Overridepublic void completed(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc, Object attachment) {try {System.out.printf("[%s] %s connected\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);// 读事件由 ReadHandler 处理sc.read(buffer, buffer, new ReadHandler(sc));// 写事件由 WriteHandler 处理sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("server hello!"), ByteBuffer.allocate(16), new WriteHandler(sc));// 处理完第一个 accpet 时,需要再次调用 accept 方法来处理下一个 accept 事件ssc.accept(null, this);}@Overridepublic void failed(Throwable exc, Object attachment) {exc.printStackTrace();}}
}