要解决这个问题，可以通过以下代码示例来判断设备位置是否已启用，并在启用时调用onLocationResult()方法：

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private FusedLocationProviderClient fusedLocationProviderClient;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        fusedLocationProviderClient = LocationServices.getFusedLocationProviderClient(this);

        checkLocationSettings();
    }

    private void checkLocationSettings() {
        LocationSettingsRequest.Builder builder = new LocationSettingsRequest.Builder()
                .addLocationRequest(createLocationRequest());

        SettingsClient settingsClient = LocationServices.getSettingsClient(this);
        Task task = settingsClient.checkLocationSettings(builder.build());

        task.addOnSuccessListener(this, new OnSuccessListener() {
            @Override
            public void onSuccess(LocationSettingsResponse locationSettingsResponse) {
                // 设备位置已启用，可以开始获取位置信息
                startLocationUpdates();
            }
        });

        task.addOnFailureListener(this, new OnFailureListener() {
            @Override
            public void onFailure(@NonNull Exception e) {
                if (e instanceof ResolvableApiException) {
                    try {
                        // 设备位置未启用，显示对话框提示用户打开位置设置
                        ResolvableApiException resolvable = (ResolvableApiException) e;
                        resolvable.startResolutionForResult(MainActivity.this, REQUEST_CHECK_SETTINGS);
                    } catch (IntentSender.SendIntentException sendEx) {
                        // Ignore the error
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    }

    private void startLocationUpdates() {
        fusedLocationProviderClient.requestLocationUpdates(createLocationRequest(), new LocationCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onLocationResult(LocationResult locationResult) {
                // 在此处理位置更新
            }
        }, null);
    }

    private LocationRequest createLocationRequest() {
        LocationRequest locationRequest = new LocationRequest();
        locationRequest.setInterval(10000);
        locationRequest.setFastestInterval(5000);
        locationRequest.setPriority(LocationRequest.PRIORITY_HIGH_ACCURACY);
        return locationRequest;
    }

    @Override
    protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
        if (requestCode == REQUEST_CHECK_SETTINGS) {
            if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
                // 用户已打开位置设置，可以开始获取位置信息
                startLocationUpdates();
            }
        }
    }
}

在上面的代码中，首先通过checkLocationSettings()方法来检查设备位置设置。如果设备位置已启用，则直接调用startLocationUpdates()方法开始获取位置信息。如果设备位置未启用，则通过ResolvableApiException启动一个对话框，提示用户打开位置设置。用户在打开位置设置后，会触发onActivityResult()方法，然后再次调用startLocationUpdates()方法开始获取位置信息。

请注意，在startLocationUpdates()方法中，使用requestLocationUpdates()方法注册了一个LocationCallback对象，该对象中的onLocationResult()方法将在位置更新时被调用，您可以在该方法中处理位置信息。